On the origin of species through heteropatric differentiation: a review and a model of speciation in migratory animals

Synopsis

Differentiation And Speciation Without Extended Isolation Appear To Be Common Among Migratory Animals. Historical Oversight Of This Is Probably Due To Temporal Distortion In Distribution Maps And A Tendency To Consider That Lineages Had Different Historical Traits, Such As Being Sedentary Or Much Less Mobile. Mobility Among Cyclic Migrants Makes Population Isolation Difficult, And Diminished Levels Of Intraspecific Differentiation Occur In Avian Migrants (i Term This Montgomery's Rule). Nevertheless, Many Lineages Have Differentiated Despite Increased Mobility And A High Propensity For Gene Flow, Conditions That Speciation Theory Has Not Addressed Adequately. Populations Of Seasonal Migrants Usually Occur In Allopatry And Sympatry During A Migratory Cycle, And This Distributional Pattern (heteropatry) Is The Focus Of A Model Empirically Developed To Explain Differentiation In Migratory Lineages. Divergence Arises Through Disruptive Selection From Resource Competition And Heterogeneously Distributed Cyclic Resources. Heteropatric Speciation Is A Type Of Ecological Speciation In Which Reproductive Isolation Increases Between Populations As A Byproduct Of Adaptation To Different Environments That Enhances Breeding Allopatry And Allochrony Despite Degrees Of Sympatry That Occur During The Nonbreeding Period In Migration Cycles. Mating Or Pair Bonding In Nonbreeding Areas Is Rare. Patterns Such As Leapfrog Migration And Limited Morphological Divergence Suggest That Differentiation Is Driven By These Ecological Factors Rather Than By Sexual Selection Or Nontemporal Changes In The Resource Base Itself, Although The Additional Presence Of Either Of The Latter Would Have Additive Divergent Effects. Migratory Lineages Provide A Largely Neglected Series Of Natural Experiments In Speciation In Which To Test Predictions Stemming From This Model And Others Focusing On Ecological Speciation. Flying The Aerial Seas, Or The Continental Pelagists -- Moving Past Montgomery's Rule -- Migrant Differentiation. Leapfrog Migration -- Spatial And Temporal Distributions Of Migrants. Propensity For Gene Flow -- Heteropatric Speciation. The Model ; Factors That Promote Divergence ; Isolating Mechanisms And Genetics ; Reinforcement ; Additional Complexities -- Sexual Selection : Agent, Cue, Or Needed At All? -- Counterarguments. Allopatry Remains A Crucial Component ; Genetic Sorting Occurs On The Breeding Grounds ; Small Population Sizes May Enable Effective Isolation ; Is There One Clear Example? -- Some Predictions Of The Model [1-6] ; Future Directions. Genetics ; Migratory Divides ; Mathematical Models. By Kevin Winker. Supplement To The Auk--cover. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 24-30). Abstract Also In Spanish.