Challenges for America in the Middle East

Synopsis

Machine Generated Contents Note: 1. Sources Of American Foreign Policy -- The Linkage Of Domestic And Foreign Policies -- Sources Of U.s. Foreign Policy -- External Factors -- Governmental Factors -- Societal Factors -- Role Factors -- Individual Factors -- Conclusion: U.s. Foreign Policy In The Middle East -- 2. Competing Currents In U.s. Foreign Policy -- Competing Currents -- Interests And Values -- Isolationism And Internationalism -- Unilateralism And Multilateralism -- Interventionism And Noninterventionism -- The Past: Competing Currents In Historical Perspective -- Isolationism Or Unilateralism? The Foreign Policy Of A Young Nation -- Interventionism: America Expands, 1823-1914 -- A Global Leader Emerges, 1914-1945 -- Instrumental Multilateralism: Containing Strategic Challenges -- The Present: The Impact Of 9/11 -- The Unilateralist Turn -- A Return To Multilateralism -- Hybrid Multilateralism -- Conclusion: Engagement Or Disengagement? -- 3. America And The Arab Middle East Before The Arab Spring -- Sources Of American Policy Toward The Arab Middle East -- The Arabs: World War I And After -- The Middle East And Oil -- The Cold War And The Arab World -- Political Islam -- The Aims Of Political Islam -- Political Islam And The Muslim Brotherhood -- Conclusion: Political Islam And Democracy -- 4. America And The Evolution Of The Arab Spring -- The Arrival Of Spring -- Tunisia: Cradle Of The Arab Spring -- Libya And Western Intervention -- Egypt: Revolution And Counterrevolution -- Syria: Civil War -- Conclusion: The Middle East In An Era Of Declining American Power -- 5. American Options In A Changing Arab World -- Egypt -- Policy Options -- Syria -- Policy Options -- Conclusion: Spring Or Winter? -- 6. Radical Islam: Origins And Evolution -- Sources Of American Policy Toward Radical Islam -- Early Islam -- Sources And Meaning Of Radical Islam -- The Origins And Early Evolution Of Al-qaeda (the Base) -- Conclusion: American Foreign Policy And The Green Menace -- 7. America And The War On Terror -- The War On Terror Begins -- Al-qaeda And Islamic Extremism After 9/11 -- Regional Terrorist Groups -- Al-qaeda In The Arabian Peninsula -- Al-shabab -- Al-qaeda In The Land Of The Islamic Maghreb (aqim) -- Boko Haram -- Asian Terrorist Groups -- Lone Wolves -- Iraq And Syria -- Ai-qaeda In Iraq -- The Islamic State -- The War On Terror -- The Department Of Homeland Security And The Director Of National Intelligence -- The Patriot Act And Growing Surveillance -- Human Rights And The War On Terror -- Illegal Combatants -- Extraordinary Rendition And Black Sites -- Targeted Killings -- Torture -- Guantanamo Bay: Un-american By Any Name -- Conclusion: An Evolving Threat -- 8. An End To The War On Terror? -- Al-qaeda And Its Regional Affiliates -- Policy Options -- Islamic State -- Policy Options -- Lone Wolves -- Policy Options -- Surveillance -- Policy Options -- Human Rights: Drone Strikes -- Policy Options -- The War On Terror -- Policy Options -- Conclusion: Terrorism Persists -- 9. America And The Evolution Of The Israeli-palestinian Conundrum, 1948-1967 -- The Birth Of Israel -- Sources Of U.s. Policy Toward Israel And The Palestinians -- The Yom Kippur Or October War -- The Six-day War And Its Consequences -- Conclusion: Consequences Of The Six-day War -- 10. America, Israel, And Palestine: The Elusive Road To Peace -- American Policy And The Israeli[—]palestinian Peace Process -- The Peace Process Begins -- From Madrid To Oslo -- The Oslo Accords And Camp David Summits -- The Second Intifada -- The Failed Roadmap To Peace -- Hamas (islamic Resistance Movement) -- Hezbollah (party Of God) -- The Kerry Round Of Negotiations -- Conclusion: What Next? -- 11. Is Israeli-palestinian Peace Possible? -- Two States Or One? -- Policy Options -- Israeli Settlements -- Policy Options -- Refugees -- Policy Options -- Hamas And Gaza -- Policy Options -- Economic And Resource Issues -- Policy Options -- Conclusion: Will It Ever End? -- 12. Early American Relations With Iran And Iraq -- Sources Of American Policy Toward Iran And Iraq -- Iran, America, And Britain Until The Iranian Revolution -- Iran Before The Shah's Overthrow -- The Iranian Coup -- Iran To The Revolution -- The Birth And Evolution Of Iraq -- Iraq's Political Evolution From A Monarchy To Saddam Hussein -- Iraq's Shifting Foreign Policy -- Iran[—]iraq War -- Conclusion: Changing Eras Of Friendship And Hostility -- 13. America And The Shia Crescent: Iraq And Iran -- Iraq -- The Persian Gulf War -- The 2003-2011 Iraq War And Thereafter -- Iraq And Al-qaeda: Any Connection? -- Iran -- Iran And Syria -- Shia Versus Sunni: Yemen -- Shia Versus Sunni: Bahrain -- Iran's Sunni Foes -- The United States And Iranian Nuclear Aspirations -- Israel And Iran's Existential Threat -- Conclusion: Navigating The Shia[—]sunni Divide -- 14. American Options In Iran And Iraq -- Combating Insurgency In Iraq -- Policy Options -- Growing Iranian Influence In Syria, Iraq, And Elsewhere In The Middle East -- Policy Options -- America And Its Sunni Friends -- Policy Options -- U.s. Security Commitments To Oil-rich Sunni Friends -- Policy Options -- Iran's Nuclear Ambitions -- Policy Options -- Israel And Iran's Existential Threat -- Policy Options -- Conclusion: Policy Dilemmas -- 15. Conclusion: America And The Complex Middle East -- The Evolution Of American Foreign Policy Before The Cold War -- After The Cold War -- Contemporary Middle East Challenges -- What Next?. Richard W. Mansbach, (iowa State Uinversity) Kirsten L. Taylor (berry College) Includes Bibliographical References And Index.